Taylor J. P., Flint C. (2000), Political Geography, 2

Hartshorne (1950) "functional approach to political geography"

The state is bind together its various social and territorial segments into an effective whole. This integration function can carried out "vertically" for social groups and "horizontally" for territorial group/

p.150

Hartshorne's concept of 'state-idea' is extended to form a chain of five related concept: political-idea, decision, field and political area. In the case of modern states, the political-idea is the raison d'etre and the decision is the specific treaty recognizing the viability of the idea.

Movement is Gottmann's concept as required in operationalizing the decision to produce a field as the area in which the movement occurs. Finally, a political area is defined as the territory of the state. Jones gives the example of the establishment of Israel as follows: Zionism is the idea, the Balfour declaration of 1917 is the decision permitting movement (migration) which produces a field (the immigrant settlement pattern) generating war, which defines a state of Israel out of Palestine.

 p.151-152

Sate are part of our taken-for-granted world

Territory and sovereignty

"territory" implies a division of political power

p.156

The modern meaning of territory is closely tied up with the legal concept of sovereignty.

p.156

Sovereignty implies there is one final and absolute authority in a political community (Hinsley 1966)

But medieval Europe under feudalism was a hierarchical system of power and authority, not a territorial one. The relations of lord and subject were personal one of protection and service and were not territorially based. It is the bringing together of territory and sovereignty that provides the legal basis of the modern inter-state system.

p.156

Territory : security and opportunity

Territorial state emerged as the solution to the problem of security (Herz 1957)

Gunpowder revolution in warfare city rampart obsolete

The original "hard shell" of the walled city was replaced by the sovereign state and new defenses based upon much larger resources.

Tilly (1975) introduces other factors in the 'survival' of these states and the inter-state system. Security provides a stability in which a territory's ressources can be mobilized more completely/

p.157

Territorial state link to absolute monarchy and centralized bureaucracies, taxation and large armies

Gottmann (1973) 2 basics function of territorial state security (inter-state) and opportunity (world market)

Territory is the platform for engaging in international relations; sovereignty provides the legitimation. Quite simply: sovereignty is the ground rule of inter-state relations in that it identifies the territorial entities who are eligible to participate in the game (James, 1984:4)

p.158

Sovereignty is never a matter of single state; it is an inter-state arrangement because sovereignty can exist only for 'states who reciprocally recognize each other's legitimate existence within the framework and norms of inter-state system; (Wallerstein, 1984a: 175)

p.158

First task pf post-colonial states and new states is to apply to join the UN

In short, sovereignty gives to territories an international capacity on the world-economy"

p.159

"the operation of the twin principles of territory and sovereignty as the basis of international law has an important corollary: state have become the "collective individuals" around whish laws are framed"

p.159

Article 2 UN charter: territorial integrity and outlaws intervention in State domestic affairs. Thus international law maintain the status quo

Political claim on the make-up of the world political map

-Effective control: sovereignty is normally accepted once effective control of territory is demonstrated

-Territorial integrity: case of Gibraltar sees as part of the Iberia peninsular

-Historical and cultural claims:  past possession of land, restitution of 'lost' land, associate national claims under heading of national self-determination

Versailles treaty, 1919 apogee of national self-determination,

Murphy (1990) since 1945 'ascendancy of the historical justification'

"territory provides a platform, sovereignty a justification, but neither is an adequate defense for a state against a successful action of power politics by a rival bent on its elimination from the world stage"

p.160

Boundaries and capitals are associated with the growth of two new important forms of behavior and eventually led to two distinctive type of political landscape'

p.161

"the two forms of behaviours are smuggling and diplomacy/

Diplomats, on the other hand, are to be found in the capital cities of the new states"

In time, both boundaries and capitals came to be the two location where the state could be seem to impinge directly on the landscape

p.161

In boundaries and capitals, we have the two most explicit production of the inter-state system"

Hence concern for boundaries has waxed and waned with the changing interests of the core countries

p.162

Frontier comes from the notion of 'in front' as the 'spearhead of civilization'. Boundary comes from 'bounds', implying territorial limits. Frontier is therefore outward-oriented, and boundary is inward-oriented. Whereas a boundary is a definite line of separation, a frontier is a zone of contact.

p.162

The idea of 'national' boundaries is a product of the strength of the French state in eighteenth-century Europe and its use of the new rationalist philosophy to claim a larger 'natural' territory ( Pounds 1951). In contrast, the idea of 'national' boundaries is the Germanic reaction to French expansionist idea…These two ideas are rationalizations of particular power-political position in the core and semi-periphery of the world-economy.

p.162

(The capitalist cities) are, after all, the control center of territory, the focus of political decision making, the symbolic center of the state and often very much more

p.163

Instead, Henrikson (1983) identifies two model of capital city: the European concept of the capital as the opinion-forming centre of the state, dominant in political, cultural and economic sphere; and the American concept of a responsive centre that specializes in Politics

p.163-4

Often it is expressed as a 'nationalist' reaction as capital are moved from the coast inland to the old 'core' of a pre-world-economy social formation.

p.164

In all these cases, we can interpret the relocation as part of semi-peripheral strategy that is attempting to lessen peripheral processes operating in the country

p.165

Poulsen (1971: 228) describes how the Yugoslav government established nine regions in 1931, 'neutrally named after river basins in order to weaken the nationalisms of the major ethnic groups' p.166

Second, federal states have sovereignty split between two levels of government

p.167

Third, in confederation associations states are legally bound in a much looser arrangement. The key difference with federalism is probably to the found in the lack of opportunity in the latter for state to leave the union. In confederal arrangement, states give up some of their sovereignty to a supra-national authority.

P167

Following Henderson and Labaw (1974), (Waterman 1984; 1987) identifies two very different processes in operation, which are termed divided nation and partitioned states

p.172

There has been a strong tendency in developing theory to concentrate upon internal relations or 'stateness' at the expense of external relations or 'inter-stateness'

p.172

The nation of sovereignty assumes the existence of the state

p.172

As Laski (1935: 21-2) points out, this sovereignty amounts to nothing less than supreme coercive power within a territory – the state 'gives orders to all and receives order orders from none' inside its recognized boundaries

p.173

Government can be interpreted as the major agent of the state and exists to carry out the day-to-day business of the state

p.173

the word 'state' come from the Latin status, and its medieval usage is related to either the 'state' or condition of a ruler or the 'state' of the realm. The idea of a public power separate from ruler and ruled that is the supreme political authority on a given territory does not occur in this medieval period or earlier periods.

p.173

Clark and Dear (1984)

Theories of the state in capitalism and theories of the capitalist state. The former mode treats capitalism as a given and concentrates on the functions of the state… Identification of the 'capitalist state' in the second mode of analysis indicates that the economic relations of capitalism are brought into the political analysis… Politically, the distinction is that in the former the state is seem as a neutral entity above society, whereas for Marxists the state is a very partisan instrument within the working of society

p.174

In the core states of the world, we all experience the state as a supplier of public goods (Clark and Dear 1984: 18-19)

p.174

Equally important to our modern way of life is the state as a regulator and facilitator

p.174

Political parties in countries with countries with competitive elections, for instance, normally assume the state to be a neutral institution

p.174

Clark and Dear (1984:20) call this the state as social engineer

p.175

Johnston (1982) adds a category of the state as protector, which combines Clark and Dear's public goods and social engineering roles but with more explicit reference to the public function

p.175

The second, which can be found in several writings, consists of a 'base-superstructure model' of society where this engineering analogy is used to depict a foundation of economics relations upon which the ideological and political superstructure in constructed

p.177-178

Economism and pluralist theory can be seem as opposite ends of a scale measuring the autonomy of the political from the economy. At the economism end there is no autonomy. At the political science end there is absolute autonomy

p.179

Hence alongside the coercive state apparatus (police, army, judiciary, etc,…) there is the ideological state apparatus (education, mass media, popular entertainment, etc,…0 through which consent is generated. Notice that these ideological functions need not to be carried out by public agencies – in this theory, the state is much more than just the public sector. Historically, the vital battle for state sovereignty involved subjugation of other authority within the state's territory, both local magnates and the universal idea of the Church

p.180

The notion of relative autonomy is based implicitly upon the idea that both state and economy cover the same territory

p.182

States have realized that their sovereignty is under attack from the global flows of capital within the world-economy and have elected to transfer some of their power to other institutions. Thus the dilution of state sovereignty has often been the result of process initiated by the states themselves (Sassen 1996)

There is one important characteristic that corporations do not possess and that is formal power, the right to make laws. Hence when a corporate executive suggests that eventually all financial corporations will be 'headquartered on a ship floating mid-ocean' he is missing one vital ingredient: ultimately wealth is material, not virtual. The properties of all corporations are guaranteed in the last instance by the property laws of the states in whose territories their property is located. Thus the notion of competitions between state and corporation exist in a sort of symbiotic relationship, with each needing the other. Every state requires capital accumulation within its territory to provide the material basis of its power. Every corporation requires the legal conditions for accumulation that the state provides.

p.190